Data Types and Casting
Each model in a SilverStripe DataObject will handle data at some point. This includes database columns such as
the ones defined in a $db
array or simply a method that returns data for the template.
A Data Type is represented in SilverStripe by a DBField subclass. The class is responsible for telling the ORM about how to store its data in the database and how to format the information coming out of the database, i.e. on a template.
In the Player
example, we have four database columns each with a different data type (Int, Varchar).
mysite/code/Player.php
<?php
class Player extends DataObject {
private static $db = array(
'PlayerNumber' => 'Int',
'FirstName' => 'Varchar(255)',
'LastName' => 'Text',
'Birthday' => 'Date'
);
}
- Boolean: A boolean field.
- Currency: A number with 2 decimal points of precision, designed to store currency values.
- Date: A date field
- Decimal: A decimal number.
- Enum: An enumeration of a set of strings
- HTMLText: A variable-length string of up to 2MB, designed to store HTML
- HTMLVarchar: A variable-length string of up to 255 characters, designed to store HTML
- Int: An integer field.
- Percentage: A decimal number between 0 and 1 that represents a percentage.
- SS_Datetime: A date / time field
- Text: A variable-length string of up to 2MB, designed to store raw text
- Time: A time field
- Varchar: A variable-length string of up to 255 characters, designed to store raw text.
See the API documentation for a full list of available Data Types. You can define your own DBField instances if required as well.
Default Values
Default values for new objects
For complex default values for newly instantiated objects see Dynamic Default Values.
For simple values you can make use of the $defaults
array. For example:
<?php
class Car extends DataObject {
private static $db = array(
'Wheels' => 'Int',
'Condition' => 'Enum(array("New","Fair","Junk"))'
);
private static $defaults = array(
'Wheels' => 4,
'Condition' => 'New'
);
}
When adding a new $db
field to a DataObject you can specify a default value
to be applied to all existing records when the column is added in the database
for the first time. This will also be applied to any newly created objects
going forward. You do this be passing an argument for the default value in your
$db
items. For example:
<?php
class Car extends DataObject {
private static $db = array(
'Wheels' => 'Int(4)',
'Condition' => 'Enum(array("New","Fair","Junk"), "New")'
);
}
The Data Type does more than setup the correct database schema. They can also define methods and formatting helpers for output. You can manually create instances of a Data Type and pass it through to the template.
If this case, we'll create a new method for our Player
that returns the full name. By wrapping this in a Varchar
object we can control the formatting and it allows us to call methods defined from Varchar
as LimitCharacters
.
mysite/code/Player.php
<?php
class Player extends DataObject {
..
public function getName() {
return DBField::create_field('Varchar', $this->FirstName . ' '. $this->LastName);
}
}
$player = Player::get()->byId(1);
echo $player->Name;
// returns "Sam Minnée"
echo $player->getName();
// returns "Sam Minnée";
echo $player->getName()->LimitCharacters(2);
// returns "Sa.."
Rather than manually returning objects from your custom functions. You can use the $casting
property.
<?php
class Player extends DataObject {
private static $casting = array(
"Name" => 'Varchar',
);
public function getName() {
return $this->FirstName . ' '. $this->LastName;
}
}
instance of the DBField class, providing additional helpers. For example, a string can be cast as a Text
type, which has a FirstSentence()
method to retrieve the first sentence in a longer piece of text.
On the most basic level, the class can be used as simple conversion class from one value to another, e.g. to round a number.
DBField::create_field('Double', 1.23456)->Round(2); // results in 1.23
sophisticated helpers, like showing the time difference to the current date:
DBField::create_field('Date', '1982-01-01')->TimeDiff(); // shows "30 years ago"
Most objects in SilverStripe extend from ViewableData, which means they know how to present themselves in a view
context. Through a $casting
array, arbitrary properties and getters can be casted:
<?php
class MyObject extends ViewableData {
private static $casting = array(
'MyDate' => 'Date'
);
public function getMyDate() {
return '1982-01-01';
}
}
$obj = new MyObject;
$obj->getMyDate(); // returns string
$obj->MyDate; // returns string
$obj->obj('MyDate'); // returns object
$obj->obj('MyDate')->InPast(); // returns boolean
Casting HTML Text
The database field types HTMLVarchar/HTMLText and Varchar/Text are exactly the same in
the database. However, the template engine knows to escape fields without the HTML
prefix automatically in templates,
to prevent them from rendering HTML interpreted by browsers. This escaping prevents attacks like CSRF or XSS (see
"security"), which is important if these fields store user-provided data.
$MyField.RAW
escaping hints, or explicitly request escaping of HTML
content via $MyHtmlField.XML
.
Overloading
"Getters" and "Setters" are functions that help us save fields to our DataObject instances. By default, the
methods getField()
and setField()
are used to set column data. They save to the protected array, $obj->record
.
We can overload the default behavior by making a function called "get<fieldname>
" or "set<fieldname>
".
The following example will use the result of getStatus
instead of the 'Status' database column. We can refer to the
database column using dbObject
.
<?php
class Player extends DataObject {
private static $db = array(
"Status" => "Enum(array('Active', 'Injured', 'Retired'))"
);
public function getStatus() {
return (!$this->obj("Birthday")->InPast()) ? "Unborn" : $this->dbObject('Status')->Value();
}